Critical Incident Analysis Critical Accident Analysis

Running Head: Critical Incident Analysis Critical Incident Analysis 7 Critical Incident Analysis Rebecca H. Thomas Simmons College Introduction As a social worker, there will be times when conflict arises when practicing group work, which can be a source of fear and anxiety for a worker?s (Kendler, 2002). However, if provided the necessary skills, workers will be able to better navigate conflict when it does arise. This article explores a moment of conflict within in a group that can be identified as a critical incident. A critical incident, in the context of group work, can be described as a moment in practice situations that address difficult questions or concerns, can be an opportunity to explore differences and how we manage them, or present dilemmas. If not addressed and the conflict remains unresolved it can have an impact on the outcome of the group (need to cite). To better understand how a critical incident can be addressed by a worker, this paper will examine the group setting, it?s purpose, analyze a critical incident, demands for work, and interventions. Furthermore, issues of the ethical dilemmas as it relates t o group work will be addressed and conclude with a reflection on the process of analyzing a critical incident. Group Description The group chosen for this article was a support group of master?s level social work students that were stressed. The group took place on the campus of Simmons College in a small room with minimalShow MoreRelatedEssay on Unit 32 M11694 Words   |  7 Pagesthe working environment. Jimmy’s provides a safe and healthy working environment and they meet their responsibilities. Jimmy’s manages risks to health and safety to prevent accidents. Jimmy’s identifies, assesses and reduces risks to health and safety as it’s reasonable and practicable. Jimmy’s aims to prevent any accidents by training their employees to work safely. For example injuries by knifes/fire. The European Union The European Union ensures that control standards are established and adheredRead MoreHazards Of Industrial Kitchens Vs. Street Food Vendors1405 Words   |  6 Pages1.2) Aims and Research Questions Aim- To analyse how the food served in a hotel compared to a street food shop, has different food safety standards and the latter is extremely unhealthy and unhygienic compared to the ISO and HACCP (Hazard analysis and critical control points) standards. 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A large organization like Sunshine Machine Works understand that time is critical when it comes to natural disasters or man made interruptions to their network systems. When a system is offline for excessive amounts of time, could mean a loss to the organization. That’s why having an effective business continuity plan is vital to keeping operationsRead MoreInvestigation And Analysis Technique : Fault Tree Analysis1417 Words   |  6 PagesInvestigation and Analysis Technique The following report examines a three types of investigation techniques – Fault Tree Analysis, Event Tree Analysis and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis. The methodology of the report is based on a research on the developmental history and procedural methodology of these three analytical techniques. This research paper will identify the strength and weaknesses of all three techniques and an opinion on which method is preferred. 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(Unknown, Quote Garden, 2016) This was stated in the early 1900, during the industrial era During this period all jobs were factory jobs, which results in plenty of factory accident with machine. Unfortunately, no one reported them or fix them, and of course no inquiry about employee safety. Accidents were accepted as part of the job. Well, time has changed

Consumer Research in the Early Stages of New Product...

Consumer research in the early stages of new product development Issues and applications in the food domain Ellen van Kleef Promotor: Co-promotor: prof. dr. ir. J.C.M. van Trijp Hoogleraar in de marktkunde en het consumentengedrag Wageningen Universiteit dr. ir. P.A. Luning Universitair docent Leerstoelgroep Productontwerpen en Kwaliteitskunde Wageningen Universiteit Promotiecommissie: prof. dr. ir. M.A.J.S. van Boekel, Wageningen Universiteit, Nederland prof. dr. K.G. Grunert, The Aarhus School of Business, Denmark prof. dr. C.M.J. van Woerkum, Wageningen Universiteit, Nederland prof. dr. J.P.L. Schoormans, Technische Universiteit Delft, Nederland Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoekschool VLAG (Voeding,†¦show more content†¦Chapter 4 illustrates the problem of successful functional food innovation. This chapter provides insight in a number of strategic decisions that have to be taken in the early stages of the development process in relation to health claim formulation, segment determination and product selection. Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive conceptual and empirical comparison of internal and external preference analysis. In addition to a comparison on statistical criteria, this study explicitly takes the end-user perspective into account by comparing both techniques on various end-user criteria. The final empirical chapter in this thesis (chapter 6) studies the added value of the innovation templates approach in generating and screening new product ideas. Chapter 7 summarizes the results of the previous chapters and describes the limitations of this thesis. Overall, the results of this thesis contr ibute to the better recognition of the importance of consumer research in early stages of new product development and suggest methodologies that could support effective marketing-RD interfacing early in the process. Voorwoord De vroege fase in de ontwikkeling van nieuwe producten is van cruciaal belang voor het uiteindelijke succes van een product. Dit is echter geen makkelijke fase, omdat vele mogelijkheden nog open liggen en keuzes gemaakt moeten worden. Hetzelfde geldt voor het schrijven van een proefschrift. Het valt niet altijd mee om de juiste onderzoeksvragen teShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis-Pfizer1401 Words   |  6 Pagespharmaceutical and consumer products company, which discovers, develops, manufactures, and markets medicines for humans and animals. 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A Research Proposal on Wive’s Income and Marital Quality Free Essays

1. Increases in wives† income over time will contribute to increases in marital discord. (Expect strong effect on husbands† report of marital discord. We will write a custom essay sample on A Research Proposal on Wive’s Income and Marital Quality or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) 2. Increase in wives† income over time will contribute to decreases in marital discord. (Expect husbands and wives to be about the same.) 3. Increases in perceived marital discord over time will contribute to increases in wives income. (Expect marital discord on wives† income stronger for wives than husbands.) Used data from Marital Instability Over the Life Course Study (1991). This was a 4-wave panel study that began in 1980 with random telephone interviews of 2,034 married individuals (not couples), younger than 55 using the clustered random-digit dialing procedure. Of the people called, 65 % completed the survey, 18% refused, and 17% were unreachable after 10 or more callbacks. Respondents were similar to national population of married individuals on age, race, region, household size, presence of children, and home ownership. Attempts to reinterview the same respondents took place in 1983, 1988, and 1992. Successful reinterviews were 78%, 66%, and 58% respectively. A decision was made to use date from 1980-1988 as these years showed the most dramatic change in married women†s employment and earnings. Also, the results of the 1992 interview had slight underreporting of younger, renter, African-American or Hispanic, and those without a college education in 1980. Respondents consisted of a total of 455 women and 316 men who were in a stable marriage from 1980-1988; a first marriage for both spouses. The study was restricted to continuous first marriages because previous evidence suggested relationships between income and marital quality differs depending on marriage order. Remarried families have lower incomes, fewer assets on average. Remarried women are more likely to be employed 40 hours or more per week than continuously married women. Marital discord was measured in three areas: marital instability (12 item scale that taps propensity to divorce), relationship problems (14 problems like easily angered, jealous, moody, not home enough), and marital conflict (assessed the amount and severity of conflict between spouses). Structural equation modeling was used. This allowed the investigation of the directional relationship and testing of the relative strength of each. Study took into account husbands† unemployment and the birth of a child. The model used to test 4 demographic characteristics: children, race, age, yrs of education. They didn†t affect the model substantially or alter conclusions. The average respondent had 14 years of education, was 35 years old, 92% were white, 41% were male. Data does not support either hypothesis 1 or 2. Data does support #3. Wives increased their income over a period of 8 years due to their own perceptions of increased marital discord. Husbands† perception of marital discord didn†t have an effect on wives† income. In 1980 54% wives employed, 96% of husbands. Income of wife is $7277 vs. $40559 for a family. In 1988 69% wives employed, and 94% of husbands. Income for a wife, $9495; and for a family, $42,420. ($ figure is adjusted to reflect 1988 constant dollars.) By 1988, 20% more wives entered the workforce and 10% dropped out. 24% of the husbands experienced some unemployment and 24% had experienced a birth of a child. Earnings gender gap went from 60% to 71%. By the end, women were contributing 30-40% toward the family income. Increases in wives† income do not significantly affect either spouse†s perception of marital discord. Instead increases in marital discord contribute significantly to increases in wives† income by increasing the likelihood that non-employed wives will enter the workforce. It isn†t clear if wives enter the labor force to prepare for divorce or to improve their own lives and perhaps their marriages by seeking additional personal challenges. More women responded than men. Also, if couples would have been interviewed so a clearer picture between spouses response could have been analyzed (couple-level data). Also gender role attitudes of spouses were not included. The role of social class was not taken into consideration. Another item is that the study began 19 years ago, concluding 11 years ago. This country has experienced a bull market and a low unemployment rate. How to cite A Research Proposal on Wive’s Income and Marital Quality, Papers

Discrete Math Syllabus free essay sample

Weeks 6-8: A survey of graph theory. Weeks 9-10: Trees, applications, and algorithms. Final Exam: A cumulative final will be given during finals week. This exam requires a proctor. Weekly homework will be assigned and a few selected problems along with one problem similar, but not identical, will be required to be scanned (or typed) and submitted at the end of each week either through blackboard or via e-mail, save the midterm week, starting week 2. Blackboard -? This course will be delivered via Blackboard, your online learning community, where you will interact with your classmates and with me. Within he course Blackboard site you will access the learning materials, tutorials, and syllabus; discuss issues; submit assignments; take quizzes; email other students and the instructor; participate in online activities; and display your projects. To preview how an online course works, visit the Campus Course Demo. For technical assistance, Blackboard and otherwise, see http:// campus. Resonate. Du/services/technical-help. HTML. Measurable student learning outcomes: 1 . Construct direct proofs, including proofs using the Principle of Mathematical Induction. . Construct simple proofs using contradiction and contraptions. . Demonstrate an understanding of the logical foundation of some simple algorithms. 4. Use the Sum Rule and Product Rule in combinatorial arguments. 5. Construct complete explanations for solutions to counting problems. 6. Demonstrate a basic understanding of discrete probability. This course is offered through Oregon State University Extended Campus. For more information, contact: Web: campus. Resonate. Du Email: [emailprotected] Du Tell: 800-667-1465 7.Understand and apply Bases Theorem. 8. Understand and use the matrix representation of finite graphs. 9. Use graphs to model systems. 10. Use at least one algorithm for ending a minimal spanning tree in a connected graph. Learning resources: Discrete Mathematics, 7th edition by Richard Johannesburg Textbook Information: NOTE: For textbook accuracy, please check the textbook list at the OSI Bookstore website (http://subcategories. Com/). Sample syllabi may not have the most up to date textbook information!Evaluation of student performance: Homework Midterm Final 70 80 (8 assignments worth 10 points each, but only the top seven) (Week 5 or 6) 100 (Finals Week) Grading will not be harder than: 225-250 A- IA 200-224 B- B ,B+ 175-199 C / C+ 150-174 D 0-149 F This course requires that you take 2 exams under the supervision of an approved proctor. Proctoring guidelines and registration for proctored exams are available online through the Campus testing and proctoring website. It is important to submit your proctoring request as early as possible to avoid delays. Exam Policies -? Preparing a make-up exam requires a significant effort. Consequently, make-up exams will not routinely be given. Makeup exams will be given only for missed exams excused in advance by the instructor. For missed exams that can be anticipated ahead of exam time, advance permission from the instructor to miss the exam will be necessary. Excused absences will not be given for airline reservations, routine illness (colds, flu, stomach aches), or other common ailments. Excused absences will generally not be given after the absence has occurred, except under very unusual circumstances.Re-grades of exams will be performed when there is an error and the student requests it. All requests for re-grading must be made within 3 class days of the day the exam is returned. After that period of time, grades will be fixed and will not be changed. Incomplete Take this course only if you plan to finish it in a timely manner (during this term). I assign an l or incomplete only when there is a strong and compelling case for doing so (e. G. , health reasons, military commitment). I will not consider assigning an incomplete unless the individual has completed over 75% of the course tasks (e. . , most of the homework and at least the midterm). Please note that students receiving incomplete are subject to assignment weight reduction (and consequently may not be eligible for A or A- grades) because some of their work will be submitted late. Statement Regarding Students with Disabilities: Accommodations are collaborative efforts between students, faculty and Disability Access Services (DADS) with accommodations approved through DADS are responsible for contacting the faculty member in charge of the course prior to or during the first week of the term to discuss accommodations.Students who believe they are eligible for accommodations but who have not yet obtained approval through DADS should contact DADS immediately at 541 -737-4098. Expectations for Student Conduct: Student conduct is governed by the universitys policies, as explained in the Office of Student Conduct: information and regulations. In an academic community, students and faculty, and staff each have responsibi lity for maintaining an appropriate learning environment, whether online or in the classroom. Students, faculty, and staff eave the responsibility to treat each other with understanding, dignity and respect.Disruption of teaching, administration, research, and other institutional activities is prohibited by Oregon Administrative Rule 576-015-0015 (1 ) and (2) and is subject to sanctions under university policies, OSI Office of Student Conduct. Academic Integrity -? Students are expected to comply with all regulations retaining to academic honesty, defined as: An intentional act of deception in which a student seeks to claim credit for the work or effort of another person or uses unauthorized materials or fabricated information in any academic work.For further information, visit Avoiding Academic Dishonesty, or contact the office of Student Conduct and Mediation at 541-737-3656. Conduct in this online classroom -? Students are expected to conduct themselves in the course (e. G. , on discussion boards, email postings) in compliance with the universitys regulations regarding ci vility. Students will be expected to treat all there with the same respect as they would want afforded themselves.Disrespectful behavior to others (such as harassing behavior, personal insults, inappropriate language) or disruptive behaviors in the course (such as persistent and unreasonable demands for time and attention both in and out of the classroom) is unacceptable and can result in sanctions as defined by Oregon Administrative Rules Division 01 5 Student Conduct Regulations. Communications: Ground Rules for Online Communication Participation: C] Online threaded discussions are public messages, and all writings in this area will be viewable y the entire class or assigned group members.If you prefer that only the instructor sees your communication, send it to me by email, and be sure to identify yourself and the class. Posting of personal contact information is discouraged (e. G. Telephone numbers, address, personal website address). D Online Instructor Response Policy: will check email frequently and will respond to coo reasserted questions within 48 hours (excluding Saturday and Sunday). C] Observation of Netiquette: All your online communications need to be composed with fairness, honesty and tact. Spelling and grammar are very important in an online course.What you put into an online course reflects on your level of professionalism. Here are a couple of references that discuss o writing online: http://got. Noting. Com/ o netiquette: http:// www. Albino. Com/netiquette/courses. HTML. O Please check the Announcements area and the course syllabus before you ask general course housekeeping questions (I. E. How do I submit assignment 3? ). If you dont see your answer there, then please contact me. Guidelines for a productive and effective online classroom n The discussion board is your space to interact with your colleagues related to current topics r responses to your colleagues statements.It is expected that each student will participate in a mature and respectful fashion. Participate actively in the discussions, having completed the readings and thought about the issues. 0 pay close attention to what your classmates write in their online comments. Ask clarifying questions, when appropriate. These questions are meant to probe and shed new light, not to minimize or devalue comments. D Think through and reread your comments before you post them. N Assume the best of others in the class and expect the best from them. C Value the diversity of he class.Recognize and value the experiences, abilities, and knowledge each person brings to class. Disagree with ideas, but do not make personal attacks. Do not demean or embarrass others. Do not make sexist, racist, homophobic, or victim-blaming comments at all. O Be open to be challenged or confronted on your ideas or prejudices. Student Assistance: Contacting the instructor -? E-mail is the best way to contact me. Please make sure you are not asking routine questions like how many points is the final, because I will simply direct your to the course syllabus.

Ashleigh Fedderman Essays - Banking, Bank Teller, Office Work

Ashleigh Fedderman District Manager 8 banks5 Pueblo 3 Cannon City Don't have sales force managers but do employ branch managers Target groups Advertising never talks about a product -the reason for that they are a relationship bank Google vision and valuesvision we want customers to achieve financially asking the right questions like right now or six years from now Training for managers Extensive 5 weeks longvirtual and in Denver and North Glenn to really understand the best way to boost their team numbers and best way to serve their customers and how to tie it all together not sells but team member retention Creative customer relationships and retain it Asking the right questions we have to know what the top priority is like asking what your financial priority is they have certain categories like buying a home, home financing, need or build credit, debit consolidation, savings, retirement, maturity, etc. try to focus on the top two in every business example savingswhat are you currently saving, are you comfortable with it, do you want to save more what's the timeline for the goal you have in mindits asking the right questions and building trust, showing them that you care -its how they recommend products. Customer feedback Randomly surveyed they don't know who gets the survey it's a random email survey the bank ranks it really high its based on a scale 1-5 and they goal to achieve 5 on all the categories they ask them Difference between tellers and loan officers Credit unions have new account offices and loan officers, their mangers do all of that they open accounts, do loans, retirement, etc. Tellers are responsible for cash handling, identifying opportunities that bankers can help with. Customers that come in everyday they know them by name and they strive to know customers by name Apps Wells Fargotake picture of check for deposit, account alert -if your account gets below a certain amount it will send you text, a budgeting tool to let you see where they spend the majority of their money Promotion within The harder they work they are rewarded and move up, a degree is not needed but preferred Travel Extensive

TECHNIQUES AND PHILOSOPHY USED ON PALAZZO DA MULA PAINT essays

TECHNIQUES AND PHILOSOPHY USED ON PALAZZO DA MULA PAINT essays TECHNIQUES AND PHILOSOPHY USED ON PALAZZO DA MULA PAINT When I saw the Palazzo da Mula painting I could tell that it was taken from the city of Venice without relying on the actual subject. The water around the buildings was enough to come to this conclusion. I see about three to four buildings connected to each other, there are many big windows on each building that has a round looking style. The front building looks like this is the main building due to the fact that it has what looks like two main entrances in the front and they are painted in black color. I can see a typical gondola boat next to the main building by itself. The water looks calmed and cannot really tell which way it is moving. There are also about four poles attached to the edges of the buildings, it must be used to secure the boats. There are two balconies in the top of the front building and one located on the left had side building. This painting looks really blurry when I look at it up close and the description I made was based on what I saw and what was common of sense. Once I step away from my computer and look at the painting, I can see a little bit better, especially the water and the buildings reflection on it. The painting was clear now and it showed a detailed description. It gives me the perception that the water is moving from left to right and it does not look calmed completely as I thought when I saw it closer. Now I can see more windows than what I saw before, there were at least five new small windows between the doors and the big windows that I did not realize before. I was also able to find out that there were not only one, but also two gondola boats next to the main building. To the left hand side, I saw two more poles that are used to hold the boats against them in order for them to remain in place. I did not see them before due to the color contrast and it was kind of camouflaged against the building. ...

Plato and Descartes theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plato and Descartes theories - Essay Example Though both seem to represent similar ideas, they are different in some ways which will be discussed in the paper. Plato is of the view that knowledge is not acquired through sense experience; individuals are born with platonic ideas or forms (Popkin and Stroll, 225). These ideas are contained in the soul which exists prior to birth. To gain real knowledge, the soul has to recall platonic ideas. Plato assumes that children forget the knowledge they already have at birth and therefore, must regain consciousness and recall it. The knowledge recalled is the only true or certain knowledge since the knowledge acquired through sense experience is deceiving and uncertain. For him, the body is empty as it cannot access abstract reality of the world but only shadows (Robinson, 86). The soul and body are distinct but temporarily united until death where the soul leaves to occupy another body. He also observes that the forms or objects of knowledge are eternal, necessary and unchanging (Popkin & Stroll, 224). For example, numbers used in mathematics or geometrical truths which depend on ideas and meanings do not change. The shadows or diagrams can change but the procedures and reasoning lead us to acquire the truth about them. Just like Plato, he agrees that senses cannot be trusted. Whatever we see through our senses can be deceiving and therefore not certain; for example, we may mistake one thing for another especially if we view it at a distance and when it is near. Senses are deceiving to the extent that we may not be aware whether we are existing or we are dreaming of our existence and therefore, to be certain, a lot of thinking is needed (Pessin). According to Popkin and Stroll (234) Descartes discovered that the certain thing is ‘I think, therefore I am.† In his meditations, he doubted whether he had a body but had no doubt that he had a mind since a mind must be in existence for him to think. He therefore,

Niccolo Machiavelli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Niccolo Machiavelli - Essay Example He was an active politician in the independent city-state of Florence. After working in the government and diplomatic positions for a while, he was influenced by the Prince of Papal states, Cesare Borgia, under whom Machiavelli hoped to unite Italy. But this dream had to be abandoned when Medici came to power and he was dismissed from office. As an unemployed person, he soon started writing. "The Prince" was written mainly to please the Medicis, but it made him further unpopular with them. His real thoughts were mirrored in Discourses on Livy that explains his complete political philosophy even though the marred legacy of The Prince haunted him beyond the grave. The Prince argues that any kind of ruthless, unethical, immoral ways could be exercised to gain the principality and to rule it with an iron hand effectively and successfully. He disregarded all conventionally moral and accepted ways of attaining and ruling a country in favor of establishing and retaining a powerful authoritarian state, whatever the means could be. He reiterates that the vitality, power, strength, intuition, cleverness of the lone, all-powerful figure of the Prince is the only factor that matters in the administration of any principality. The Discourses on Livy is an impressive review of Roman Republic with transparent admiration for the republican Government. "Here, too, however, ... s one that judges the skill of all participants in terms of the efficacy with which they achieve noble ends" http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/macv.htm Machiavelli's principles could be effectively applied to today's governing of large organizations, sometimes, in these days of globalization, even across the boundaries of nations. In a hypothetical large organization, the distribution and exercise of power is as critical as that of a State. Any organization, as in State, secrecy and confidentiality are absolutely necessary for any action to be effective. Organizations, plagued with informers, whose future actions could be forestalled by competitors, could never be successful. "No enterprise is more likely to succeed than one concealed from the enemy until it is ripe for execution," Machiavelli from The Art of War, http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96may/machiavelli.html Machivelli talks about a monarchical rule and a powerful ruler at its helm. The policies recommended by him would go a long way in discouraging mass political activism, or democracy. He did not recommend a totally despotic rule, but a benevolent rule with a firm hand, but with considerable individual rights. He also recommended that monarch can use his power in a judicious way without disturbing the private traditional lives of his people, actually keeping in mind that he is responsible for their material prosperity. He was a political thinker and did not think that politics of the state should be governed by moral or religious absolutism, and the ruler, under difficult circumstances, might not be held responsible, even if he takes actions infringing the private rights of citizens, as those actions might be necessary for the state. These principles in a smaller way, apply to organizations. The

A Corporate Communication Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A Corporate Communication Plan - Term Paper Example Subsequently, the paper also would provide a brief overview about the various resources that are required for effective management of public relations. The term ‘communication’ has come into prominence since the last 150 years. It is widely used in business in all parts of the world with equal importance. Corporate communication is regarded as the collective effort of the organisation to communicate effectively as well as profitably. The most obvious reason for any organisation in taking any action is to achieve the desired goals. A large part of the company’s success depends on how it communicates and maintains its relationship with the suppliers, employees and the customers. A corporate communication is a strategic tool that an organisation uses to gain competitive edge over its competitors in the market. Additionally, the managers of the company use this tool to motivate and influence the employees as well as the public. This tool is more regarded as an art than science. On a whole, corporate communication is a term that is used to describe the various functions of the management with regard to the external a nd the internal communication of the organisation. The various aspects of corporate communication might include public relations, advertising, media relations, employee relation and relation with suppliers, community relations, labour relations, technological communications and management communication among others (Goodman, 1994). A corporate communication plan is prepared to identify the objectives and actions to enhance the internal as well the external communication of the company (City of Sarnia, n.d.). BT Group plc is a telecommunication company that is based in the United Kingdom. The company has its networks in more than 50 countries and provides products and services in around 170 nations. The prime area of its business is with regard to providing communications

Money Factor In Voting Politics Essay

Money Factor In Voting Politics Essay The distribution or offering of money in elections by candidates and political parties during elections plays an important role in determining the voting-choice of the people. The predicament of irresponsible use of cash acknowledged by political parties and individual candidates from businessman and other sources from time-to-time for furtherance of their election prospects has already acquire upsetting aspect of our electoral system. It has also been pointed out that political parties and their candidates have spent money far in excess of limit imposed by the Representation of Peoples Act, 1954.  [1]  Indeed, the former Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) of India, R.K. Trivedi, himself was embarrassed to testimony of the role of money-power in our elections as L.P. Singh (1987), writes: This malady, I am afraid, during the last decade has assumed alarming proportions. The huge expenditure incurred by candidates and political parties has not relationship to the ceiling prescribed under the law. The candidates and their political parties look to big money-bags for their funds to contest elections, thereby adopting a formula which establishes the chances if winning in direct proportion to the money spent. That in course of time various decision-making levels, does not seem to bother them.  [2]   In extreme forms, unconventional modes of electoral practices are manifest in the explicit acts of vote buying  [3]  which seeks to refute the liberty to articulate citizens electoral preferences. Since, persuasion alone occasionally generates an adequate amount of support, candidates or parties, on the other, on a regular basis, try to pay for or convince votes through money. As indicated in table 4.1, the influence of money in elections shapes the voting behaviour of 15.83% of the respondent electorate in the constituency. The male voters are more influenced by money than the female counterpart. This is mainly because of two important reasons, i.e., due to conservative nature of women and the domination over females by male counterpart. Exchange of vote for money has turn out to be open-secret in every elections of the constituency. Generally speaking, the voters who accepted money are of two types: voters who did not claim but simply agreed while being paid; and those who clai m either from the candidate directly or from any sources that advance them during the campaign period. The table 4.6 indicates the response of the voters who accepted money from candidates in election.  [4]   Table 4.6 Voting Decision: Reasons for accepting money The acceptance of money in exchange for ballot is highest, as indicated in Table 4.2, among the mid-age group of 41-60 years than the older and younger voters. The younger voters, least influenced by money in deciding whom to vote for in an election, are more concerned with their prestige. However, reports suggest that, even young and enthusiastic voters either accepts or demands money for ballot in the constituency,  [5]  but are hesitant to disclosed the same to the researcher. Educationally, as Table 4.3 indicates, the illiterates voters of the sample electorate has the maximum impact of money on their vote-choice. Further, in the constituency, those who are well educated are least influenced by money as determinant of voting behaviour. That is, as educational qualifications of the people entitled to vote increases, the influence of money on voting behaviour decreases. As regards the economic status of the voters and voting decision, as Table 4.4 shows the low income voters ha s the highest influence than the those of average and high income voters. That is, with the increase in the economic status of the voters, the level of influence by money decreases. Moreover, the data in Table 4.6 shows that there are numerous reasons on the part of the voters who acknowledged money throughout election. The main justifying reason is the poverty of the people and they are easily induced by money in elections. As Robert G. Wirsing says: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦campaign period is the time when the market value of their support appears to rise and when the cleaver seller may turn the value of his vote or the votes of his followers to good advantage. The poor are wined and dined, wooed with gifts and bribed with cash à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [6]   In the constituency, one of the most important reason for the acceptance of money is due to the fact that majority of the sample respondents considers that no developmental work has been done by the elected representative. And sees the payment of money for votes as compensation for public money that politicians are assumed to have stolen.  [7]  This particular view holds key in the minds of the voters as 22.73% of the total respondents agreed to it. On the other, a total of 18.18% voters consider that elected representative served the interest of his near and dear ones, not for the constituency as a whole. This is to some extent correct for the reason that 15.91% of the sample electorate views that they have nothing to ask to elected representative after the elections. It is also evident that even campaigner either insisted or offer money to voters as disclosed by 13.64% of the electorate. From the above discussion, one may infer that the influence of money throughout election period cannot be denied. Van de Walle has suggested that, in Nigeria, voters take vote buying offers as signals of their patrons wealth and capability of winning elections features of leader with which they wish to be associated.  [8]  But, more importantly, the underprivileged voters are expected to be ill-treated because of their restricted earnings, making them vulnerable to materials inducements, including the offers of basic commodities or meek amount of cash. For their part, citizens with little education may be unconscious of the political privileges they enjoy and as a result have a weak defense in opposition to such coercion. Moreover, money influence may have been more widespread than the figures cited. Experience from Argentina suggests that some people are understandably reluctant to admit that they had been approached with a forbidden offer, especially if they had subsequently en tered an agreement and complied with the terms.  [9]   In fine, the use of money power to win election by candidates and political parties alike makes the mockery of representative democracy and affects the basic philosophy of democracy and universal franchise. The views of the poor are subdued and the preferences of the rich are enlarged on key issues. Money for votes play as a means and the rich candidates distributed money among the poor voters; and done some instantaneous development work in the constituencies. This tricky design provides space for maneuvering for those who have either the official backing or have too much money to contest the election. However, voters conformity to the requests of money giver in elections may provide least resistance but it is morally and lawfully fraught. Above all, lopsided elections abridged the institutionalization of political responsibility. The influence of Elites: The word elites typically denotes the attributes or distinctiveness of certain individual that determine how far he will accomplish; thus, those with the suitable quality will in due course reach the top and find themselves in the place of power vis-a-vis others in the structure or in society at large. Although the definition of elite varies somewhat across the social science literature, we take a relatively broad view. Rather than taking into account the elite to be the rulers over the ruled,  [10]  we define them as those with the capacity to influence national political outcomes or policy.  [11]  As Eldersveld (1989) define elite largely to comprise those who hold important positions, who have influential roles and who exercise important functions in the polity  [12]  Such positions and status, along with wealth, education, and other advantages, provide the elite with political resources  [13]  and, thus, have the capacity to directly or indirectly influence the ac tivities of the state.  [14]   Although elites have an important role in highly developed democracies,  [15]  their political influence may be even greater where social inequality exists.  [16]  In liberal democratic countries, political leaders are entrenched in, and their efficiency appreciably depends upon elites insignificant groups of position holders in societies having the capability to affect political outcomes on a regular basis and to a large extent.  [17]   The local elites in the constituency like village money-lender, tall income government employees, intellectuals, and also entrepreneur play a big role in determining the voting choice of 12.95% sample voters as indicated by the statistics in Table 4.1. Those elites determined the vote-choice of 4.32% male and 8.63% female of the constituency. That is, female voters have an edge over male voters. There are scores of people who are straightforwardly or in some way reliant upon these groups of people for their everyday requirements and consequently they become their patrons. As a result, local elites pre-determined their clients vote-choice. Table 4.7 displays the different factors of influence to the electorate all through elections.  [18]   Table 4.7 Voting-Decision: Factors influencing by local elites The influence of elites in the constituency as evident from Table 4.2, gradually increases with the increase in the age-group and decline thereafter. It is highest in the age-group of 41-60 years and lowest in the above 61 years category. The female are more influenced than male. Educationally, its influence decreases, as apparent from Table 4.3, with the increase in the level of education of both the sex. It has the highest impact among the illiterates and least influenced to the above graduates respondents. Economically, as indicated in Table 4.4, its influence also decreases with the increase in the rise in its status. Researchers point to the growing income gap,  [19]  stating that the elite control the political process and those of lower socio-economic status have no role to play in electoral process. From the data in Table 4.7, it is absolutely clear that the most important influence to the voters is the distribution or offering of money by elites which accounted for 27.78% respondents. They even mislead people for the ulterior motives (19.44%) during election by making alluring promises or commitments (16.66%); and also creating the spirit of groupism (11.11%) among the electorate in the constituency. Moreover, they provide information of the candidates performance during his stay in office (13.89%) by educating the people on socio-political issues (5.56%) faced in the constituency. This is, perhaps, a good indication of their involvement in participatory democracy and will lead to the furtherance of the democratic politics. From the above analysis on may come to the point that the influence of local elites in the electoral politics of Oinam assembly constituency has its negative and positive aspects as well. Elites and leaders are essential elements of collective and individual life in any given socio-political structure. Many local dominant citizens take devoted attention and are directly involved in the elections taking part in the elections process. These trends, nevertheless, are not perpetual; the elites and privileged, like empires, may well rise up and fall down as well. Candidates Image in voting: Scholars have long acknowledged the significance of candidates personality in voting choice. The qualities of candidates are one factor which invokes the consideration of the electorate in every stages of the electioneering development. Charismatic leaders have a special magnetic quality that fills followers with awe and adoration.  [20]  McAllister argues the substance of influential showing that public perceptions of leaders, if not decisive, have a modest but significance influence on the vote.  [21]  As John L. Sullivan, John H. Aldrich, et. al., points out: Voters assessments of the candidates competencies and personal qualities affect how they feel about each candidate; whether, for instance they feel pride or shame when thinking about a particular candidate, or of more generalized feelings of liking or disliking.  [22]   In the constituency, the influence of candidates personality or charisma shapes the voting behaviour, as indicated in Table 4.1, of 10.32% of the sample electorate. The female voters put more emphasis on personality trait of the candidate in fray while voting than the male voters. Table 4.8 displays the various reasons for voting a particular candidate in elections of the constituency.  [23]   Table 4.8 Voting-Decision: Factors influencing candidates personality From Table 4.2 it is observed that candidates image in the election had the highest impact in the age group of 25-40 years and 18-24 years than other age-group. The female voters are more influenced than the male voters except the older voter, i.e., 61 years and above are equally to both the sex. Educationally, as Table 4.3 indicates the illiterate voters have an edge over those of literate voters on the candidates trait in exercising their political franchise. And, economically, as Table 4.4 suggests, the average income voters has highest influence than low and high income voters in the constituency. Those high income male voters are not even bothered about the candidates image in election of the constituency. From the statistics in Table 4.8, it is apparent that family insistence to vote for a particular candidate in elections has the impact of 35.48% respondent voters, in which the female (19.35%) had an edge over male (16.13%) voters. Educational and economic status of the candidates, in fray influenced the vote-choice of 16.13% and 9.68% of the sample voters. The contesting candidates contribution to the constituency; and his accessibility by the general electorate had an impact equally to 12.90% of the respondents voting decision. While 6.45% voters voted those candidate simply because of their locality supporting that candidate; and that 3.23% voters voted as candidate being from their locality. It is quite clear from the above analysis that the influence of candidates image in shaping the voting decision of the electorate cannot be overlooked. Voters definitely want a representative that they can trust, and convince the public that they believe in what they are saying and will deliver on their promises. As personality dominates in most areas of life, one cannot deny that candidate that appeals to us most based on personality characteristics may not be the candidate that best represents our interests. Therefore, one may argue that voters are not appropriately weighting performance-based information on candidates contesting the elections when undertaking one of democracys most important civic duties. Political party and voting decision: Political parties occupy a central place in democratic politics, as they, in the midst of other things, provide a link between the citizens and the state. It is through parties that citizens have opportunity to influence the effort of governmental elites. Voting for a political party in an election is seen as an important determinant of voting behaviour of the people entitled to vote. This is no exception to the constituency under study as 10.79% of the sample voters exercise their political franchise on the basis of partisanship as apparent in the data from Table 4.1. In the constituency, voting for political parties in elections are much higher of the males compared to female voters, as the former are more exposed to party identification which is a psychological attachment toward a political party that tends to influence a persons decisions on social, economic and political issues.  [24]  In elections between candidates of competing parties, one expects partisanship to influence ballot choice as many voters affirm their partisan identities by casting ballots for the candidates who share their party labels.  [25]  Therefore, elections are frequently identified in the public mind with the main issues discussed or the campaign strategies attempted by the parties.  [26]  Table 4.9 indicates the reasons for voting a particular political party in elections of the constituency.  [27]   Voting for a political party in the elections of the constituency gradually increases with the increased in the age group and decline thereafter. It is highest between the age-group of 41-60 years, however the male are more committed to than the female as indicated in figures of Table 4.2. The female voters are equally influenced as the male in the early stages of electioneering period, by parties, but as one grows older its commitment significantly declined. Table 4.9 Voting decision: Factors influencing political party Educationally, the more formal years of education mean the more allegiance to political party as the degree of consideration of party-voting increases with the rise in educational level of the electors. In the constituency, the below matriculation respondents voters are least influenced while the above graduates has the maximum influenced by political parties as the determinant of voting, as apparent from Table 4.3. On the basis of economic status of the sample electorate, as indicated in Table 4.4, voting pattern of the respondent electorate with reference to political party increases with the rise in the income level of the electorate of both the sex. Those high and average income earners are more unwavering, far more than the low or poor income groups, and hence, are able to choose whom to vote in an election. Moreover, in the constituency, voting-choice of 30.00% of the respondent voters is influenced by the basic ideology of political parties as evident from data in Table 4.9. This is perhaps because voting preferences may be affected by what Andrew Leigh term innate ideological attachment,  [28]  not linked to voters consideration on his family or locality. Also, stable and long term identification with a political party offers an information short cut or default value, a substitute for more complete information about parties and candidates.  [29]  The relationship between party identification and vote choice of the electorate remains one of the most robust and enduring findings in political science.  [30]  In the constituency, more than 23.33% (See Table 4.9) of the self identified partisan voters voted for their partys candidates. When asked whether they would vote for a candidate who is not anticipated to win an election, a respondent replied, whether good or bad, right o r wrong, I stand by my party! on no account in my life have I ever considered being linked with a party other than the Indian National Congress.  [31]  Further, 20.33% of the respondent voters voted to political party simply because their family members are traditional supporter of that party. Another 13.33% voted for party on the pretext that the party has good leadership. Some 6.67% respondents voters views that their decision to vote for a party because their desire candidates is contesting on that party ticket; and equally influenced to those respondents who says they are supporting the party as their locality supports that party. From the above discussion, it is observed that a political party does have a role to play in influencing the vote-choice of the electorate in the constituency. For individual voters, however, motives might differ considerably. They would normally support the candidate of their most ideal party if the contestant has a possibility to win the mandate of the people. Surprisingly enough, there is hardly any empirical research done on the different motives individual vote splitting. Citizens must be given the liberty without undue influence to cast their vote in favour of any political party as it is their independent opinion to decide which party they consider eligible for coming to power and taking that into account they have full right to exercise their political franchise. Election campaign: Political science research once characterized campaign as resonance and vehemence suggestive of nothing, but a resurgence of recent research has offer compelling evidence that campaign can shape voting behaviour of the electorate and election outcomes.  [32]  An election campaign must be understood to be a process that generates a product, the election outcome, and like any other process, one cannot expect to understand the process by analyzing only the product.  [33]  As such, it is a well thought-out effort which seeks to influence a range of issues and to create a long-lasting notion of the same with the electorate. In a campaign the issues are articulated by party leaders, and they are the stuff in terms of which a democratic political campaign is rationalized, in both senses.  [34]  The length and strenuousness of the campaign serves to involve the public, inform it on public issues, and increase its active participation in politics.  [35]   Election campaigning in the constituency determines the voting behaviour of 12.69% of the sample electorate as evident from Table 4.1. The males are greater than females in shaping their voting choice, as the former are more exposed to campaigning than the latter. Table 4.10 represents the various factor of influence to the respondent voters while campaigning.  [36]   In the constituency, the young and mid-age group voters paid more attention to election campaign in deciding for whom to vote during elections as Table 4.2 indicates. It is also evident that male voters exposures to election campaign decreases with the increase in the age-group while the female voters, however remain constant between of 18-24 and 25-40 years groups. Similarly, educational wise, as Table 4.3 shows the illiterates voters has the highest impact on their vote-choice, and decreases with the rise in the level of educational status of both the sex. The well educated voters in the constituency are least influenced by election campaign organized by candidates or parties or its supporters during electioneering process. Likewise, on economic status of the voters, as indicated in Table 4.4, the level of influence by election campaigns decreases with the rise in the level of economic status. That is economically well-off electorates, in the constituency, are undeterred by campai gning, as it influenced the low and average income groups. Table 4.10 Voting decision: Factors influencing election campaign The statistics in Table 4.10, it is known that among the various campaigns employed by candidates and parties, personal contact with the candidates in fray has the highest influences of 37.04% of the sample voters, while door-to-door canvassing influences 18.53% voters. Campaigning through publicity and organizing public meetings on elections had a modest influence of 14.81% and 11.11% respectively. In fine, electoral campaign is a podium to strike the main political issues as well as position and proposition of the different political parties to deal with these issues. In addition, the virtues of campaign effects can only be found in correlation with long-established socio-economic issues. As V.O. Key long ago documented, the perception of behavior of the electorate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ condition, if they did not fix, the types of appeals politicians employ as they seek popular support.  [37]  However, key player of the campaign have to struggle with the lack of interest, trust and consideration from the citizens towards political life and institutions. Issues importance in voting: The highlighting on an issue based voting has, of late, assumed an important predicator of voting behaviour across liberal democracies. Voters are seen as moving in the direction of a more decisive posture, deciding issues on their merits and consequently acting more judiciously than formally. In their study of voting behaviour, Nie, Verba, and Petrocik (1972), found that following 1960, as V.D. Opfer, quotes, the role of party declined as a guide to the vote. And, as party has declined in importance, the role of issues appears to have risen.  [38]   Issues, local or national, in any election are an important predicator of voting behaviour of the electorate. Issues importance measures the extent to which attitudes manifest the qualities of durability and impactfulness.  [39]  Research has found that issues deemed important by respondents are more likely to be stable, resistant to change, and more likely to influence behaviour of voters.  [40]  Issues in election shapes the voting behaviour of 11.90% of the sample electorate in the constituency (Table 4.1). The female voters accounts for 5.03% of the sample voters saying the issues have its own importance in electoral behaviour thereby shaping the voting act, and are much higher than the male voters (3.60%) as indicated in Table 4.2. Now, Table 4.11 displays the main issues indicated by the respondent electorate.  [41]   Table 4.11 Voting decision: Main issues influencing the electorate From Table 4.2, it is known that issues in election has the highest impact in the age-group of 41-60 years and lowest in the age-group of 61-above. That is, the mid-age group voters are more influenced by issues in election than the younger and older voters. Also, in the constituency, as apparent from Table 4.3, voter with high educational qualifications are not bothered about issues in election while the below matriculations has has highest impact in deciding their voting-choice. The illiterates and below graduates of the constituency are equally influence to those issues in election. Further the data in Table 4.4 predicts that the average economic status voters are more determined by issues in election as their voting choice than those of high and low economic status voters. Now, among the issues cited by the sample respondents as their determining factor of influence, as Table 4.11 indicates, 29.17% of the respondents view that roads, safe drinking water, and better electricity as their main issues in elections. On the other, the state being affected by insurgency activities, 20.83% of the respondents opine that a political solution to such problem will at best serve the interest of the state and hence determining their voting choice. Educational development, better irrigational projects for agricultural activities, tackling unemployment and the repeal of Armed Forces Special Power Act, 1958 (AFSPA), have almost equal influence among the voters in the constituency. From the above analysis, it is apparent that no single issues were cited by the respondents as most important. That not only 11.90% of the respondent voters had issues concerns in elections in the Oinam assembly constituency and whether issues opinions are malicious or not is not easy to conclude. Voters are heterogeneous in their use of issues in the voting booth. Some voters may consider some issues more seriously than others in their voting decisions. Some issue

Problems With Leadership In IT :: Information Technology Essays

IT Leadership Paper As we go into the second part of the first decade of the new millennium the field of Information Technology has turned into a very important aspect of our lives. New and improved technologies are starting to become part of our lives without us realizing what this means. No one can argue that our lives have been simplified and improved by the technological gadgets, that over time we have been able to develop. But underneath the beauty of a product or a service lays the challenges and responsibilities many companies faced in order to be able to provide us with a service or to create a product. It is believed, that in many business, organizations or institutions the Information Technology Department is the area or the field that causes the most problems. One of the biggest reasons for which people tend to make this assumption or statement is that it has been hard to assimilate and integrate such a volatile department into the structure an organization had. People forget that having an IT department is a recent addition to the structural environment of a company or an institution. It was until computer became popular that people started to consider creating a department that would take care and provide technological solutions to the different issues that arouse due to the new technologies being implemented. Therefore it has to be taken into consideration that IT is an area that has not been fully developed to the extent of being completely incorporated into the traditional structure of a company. One of the reasons for which it has been tough to fully integrate the IT department is because of its constant change and need to stay up to date with the emerging technologies. When I say that it has not been fully integrated or incorporated I mean that we have not been able to understand the complexity of this assimilation in order to be able to get the best results. And by best results, I mean being able to come up with the best solution that arise with every situation and problem that comes up. It has been so hard to get out of this transitory situation due to the fact of communication problems. Companies and institutions took the wrong approach when the technologies started to emerge. Many top executives decided that it would be better to let the people that knew about computers and programming to focus in the technological area.